Uncooked food linked to Guillain-Barré outbreak in Guatemala

Health officials in Guatemala believe undercooked food is to blame for a recent surge in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) cases, a serious illness that can cause paralysis. This conclusion comes from studies by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance (MSPAS) and the Guatemalan Institute of Social Security (IGSS).

GBS is a rare condition where the body's immune system attacks the nerves. It's often triggered by a bacterial or viral infection. One major risk factor for GBS is infection with Campylobacter jejuni, a bacterium that causes diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea.

A recent outbreak resulted in 87 confirmed cases of a neurological illness, with 5 sadly resulting in death. The hardest-hit area was Suchitepéquez, particularly Cuyotenango and Samayac, where 40% of cases occurred. Most patients (80%) fell between 15 and 64 years old.

The outbreak began in November 2023. With no new cases reported in over 40 days, the health alert level has been lowered from red (highest severity) to yellow (continued monitoring).

Investigation suggests contaminated food as a culprit. Stool samples tested positive for Campylobacter bacteria, often linked to foodborne illness. Dr. Óscar Cordón emphasized the importance of continued surveillance for the illness, along with proper training for healthcare workers and improved food handling practices within communities. Additionally, strengthened monitoring for diarrheal diseases and Campylobacter is recommended.

WHO Involvement:

• Following water and food sample testing in various cities, authorities closed down food establishments and increased public health measures.
• Research continues to explore the link between the identified bacteria and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).

Preventative Measures:

• Officials advise residents to maintain good hygiene practices, including frequent handwashing with soap and water, safe food handling, consuming boiled or treated water, and avoiding cross-contamination of cooked and raw food.

PAHO/WHO Participation:

• The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), a branch of the World Health Organization (WHO), joined a recent press conference by the Guatemalan Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance (MSPAS) to discuss GBS.
• Gerardo Alfaro, PAHO/WHO representative in Guatemala, emphasized capacity-building efforts. This includes a workshop led by Peruvian National Institute of Public Health professionals to enhance molecular diagnosis and genomic sequencing of Campylobacter bacteria.