Introduction

Mikołajki, or St. Nicholas Day, is one of Poland's most cherished and festive traditions. Celebrated on December 6th, this holiday brings joy to children and adults alike as Święty Mikołaj (St. Nicholas) visits with small gifts, sweets, and warm holiday cheer. Rooted in Catholic tradition, Mikołajki has evolved over the centuries, blending religious, cultural, and modern customs.

But Mikołajki is more than just a day for presents—it marks the beginning of the Christmas season in Poland and embodies the spirit of kindness, generosity, and togetherness. Whether you’re a local or a visitor, understanding the customs and history of Mikołajki can help you appreciate this unique Polish celebration.

The Origins of Mikołajki: Who Was St. Nicholas?

The tradition of St. Nicholas Day originates from St. Nicholas of Myra, a 4th-century bishop known for his generosity and compassion. Legends tell of how he secretly helped the needy, including stories of him leaving gold coins in the shoes of the poor. Over time, his reputation as the protector of children, sailors, and the less fortunate spread across Europe.

In Poland, devotion to St. Nicholas became widespread during the Middle Ages, with numerous churches and schools named after him. Eventually, the practice of giving small gifts on his feast day became a cherished tradition, symbolizing his generosity.

How Mikołajki is Celebrated in Poland

Mikołajki is primarily celebrated by children, but adults also participate in various ways. Here are the key customs associated with the holiday:

1. Gift-Giving Traditions

• On the night of December 5th, children place their shoes, slippers, or stockings near the bed, door, or window in anticipation of gifts.
• St. Nicholas (often played by parents, teachers, or community members) fills them with small presents like chocolates, candies, fruits, and toys.
• In the past, naughty children might receive twigs or coal as a warning to behave, though this tradition is now rarely practiced.

2. St. Nicholas Visits

• In schools, churches, and public places, people dress up as Święty Mikołaj to hand out gifts and spread holiday cheer.
• Unlike the modern Santa Claus, Poland’s St. Nicholas often appears in a bishop’s robe, complete with a mitre (bishop’s hat) and crozier (staff).

3. Religious and Community Celebrations

• As a Catholic holiday, many churches hold special services dedicated to St. Nicholas.
• Community events, such as Christmas markets and charity drives, are organized to support underprivileged children and families.

Regional Differences in Poland

While the essence of Mikołajki remains the same across Poland, different regions have developed unique traditions:

1. Silesia (Śląsk)

• In Silesia, St. Nicholas is sometimes accompanied by angels and devils, who either reward good children or warn the naughty ones.
• The holiday serves as an early start to Christmas festivities, with families beginning to decorate their homes.

2. Kujawy and Greater Poland

• Some families treat Mikołajki almost like a miniature Christmas, with a festive dinner on December 6th.
• Traditional homemade cookies and pastries, such as pierniki (gingerbread cookies), are baked and shared among family members.

3. Mazovia and Podlasie

• Many workplaces and schools organize Mikołajki-themed gift exchanges, similar to the Western “Secret Santa.”

Mikołajki vs. Christmas in Poland

Although Mikołajki is a beloved tradition, it differs significantly from Christmas (Boże Narodzenie), which is Poland’s main winter holiday. Here’s a comparison:

Despite these differences, Mikołajki serves as an exciting prelude to Christmas, setting the mood for the holiday season.

How Mikołajki is Changing in Modern Times

Like many traditions, Mikołajki has evolved over time, influenced by commercialism and globalization:

1. Increased Commercialization

• Shopping malls and restaurants offer special promotions and discounts around Mikołajki.
• Businesses and entertainment venues organize themed events to attract customers.

2. Office and School Celebrations

• Many workplaces host “Secret Santa”-style gift exchanges as part of team-building activities.
• Schools organize special lessons, plays, and activities centered around St. Nicholas.

3. Charitable Giving

• Charity organizations use Mikołajki as an opportunity to collect donations for orphanages and hospitals.
• Many Polish families encourage their children to donate toys and clothes to those in need.

4. Influence of Western Culture

• With the rise of globalized Christmas traditions, some Polish families now combine Mikołajki with Santa Claus traditions from the West.
• Some children receive gifts on both December 6th and Christmas Eve.

Similar Traditions Around the World

Mikołajki isn’t just a Polish tradition—many other countries celebrate similar versions of St. Nicholas Day:

• Germany (Nikolaustag): German children also leave shoes outside their doors to receive small gifts from St. Nicholas.
• Netherlands (Sinterklaas): The Dutch celebrate on December 5th with parades, songs, and major gift-giving.
• Russia and Ukraine: Eastern Orthodox Christians celebrate St. Nicholas Day on December 19th (following the Julian calendar).

Conclusion

Mikołajki is a cherished Polish tradition that brings joy, warmth, and generosity into homes, schools, and communities. While it has adapted to modern times, its core values remain the same—celebrating kindness and the spirit of giving. Whether through small gifts, festive gatherings, or charitable acts, Mikołajki continues to be a magical part of Poland’s holiday season.

So, if you find yourself in Poland on December 6th, don’t be surprised if you see shoes waiting for gifts—or even a friendly St. Nicholas handing out sweets! Whether you celebrate in a traditional way or add your own twist, Mikołajki is a beautiful reminder that the holiday season is about spreading joy and goodwill.